(i.) avlla,. 13 times, but over 100 times in J and 20 times in 1. 2. 3 J.

(ii.) a;n. (a) As a particle in a relative clause a;n occurs only twice, in 2²⁵ a;cri ou- h[xw, and in 144 o[pou a'n u`pa,gei (A: -ha 025. 046). J, on the other hand, uses a;n 5 times in the sense of "if" (alone in the N.T.), and 22 times as a mere particle in relative or conditional sentences.

(b) But our author uses eva,n also as a mere particle after o[soi, 3¹⁹ 13¹⁵ (source). With the same meaning it recurs in 11⁶o`sa,kij eva,n (source), but as a conjunction followed by a subjunctive in 3²⁰ [22^18.19]. eva.n mh, is followed by the subj. 2⁵ 3³, but in 2^22c (an interpolation) by the indicative.⁽¹⁾ In J eva,n is once used as {cxxxv} mere particle in 15⁷. Otherwise frequently as a conjunction followed by the subjunctive. J uses a;n 14 times in the apodosis of an impossible supposition, but our author does not use this construction.

(iv.) a;cri) Always followed by subjunctive in our author: 2²⁵ (a;cri ou-) 7³ 15⁸ 20^3.5. In 17¹⁷ we find a;cri telesqh,sontai) But this is a source.

(v.) ga,r) circ. 17 times. In J nearly 70. 

(vi.) de,. 6 times. Very frequent in J and with different shades of meaning: see Abbott, Gr. in loc.

(vii.) ei,) eiv is found only in combination (a) with tij:⁽²⁾ 11^5a [11^5b] 13^{9.10 (bis)} 14^9.11 20¹⁵ (ei; tij ouvc) -- a very common combination not once in J: (b) with mh,(= "except"), 2¹⁷ 9⁴ 13¹⁷ 14³ 19¹² 21²⁷. This use is found in J 3¹³ 6²² etc.: or with de. mh, (= "otherwise"), 2^5.16: also in J 14^2.11. But J uses the former combination in other idioms.

(viii.) e;xwqen (as adverb = e;xw) 1¹² 5¹ (some MSS).

(ix.) e;ti. 18 times, including a restoration of e;ti for evpi, in 7¹⁶. 22¹¹ is an itnerpolation.

(x.) e[wj. With subjunctive (= "till"), 6¹¹. In J with ind. 9¹⁸ 21^22.23. In various combinations in J.

(xi.) ivdou,. 26 times. In J 4. J uses i;de (15), but our author does not.

(xii.) i[na. Final clauses introduced by i[na⁽³⁾ followed by the subj. 33 times, and by the ind. 13. (The latter is unclassical: Attic uses o[pwj with ind.) In J i[na is followed by the subj. save thrice out of nearly 140 times. i[na mh, is followed by the subj. 9 times and by the ind. 2: in J only by the subj. As our author never uses the past subjunctive (or optative) it is interesting {cxxxvi} to observe the sequence of tenses adopted by him after i[na or i[na mh,.
 

(xiii.) mh,. Never with the participle in our author, but 10 times in J and 11 times in 1. 2. 3 J. mh, with pres. imperative, 1¹⁷ 2¹⁰ etc.; with aor. aubj. 6⁶ 7³ 10⁴, the use of these two tenses being carefully distinguished; see above, p. cxxvi. mh, ) ) )  mh,te ) ) ) mh,te, 7^1.3: also mh, ) ) ) ouvde. ) ) ) ouvde, in 9⁴, but never mh. ) ) ) mhde,, as in J (bis) who never uses mh,te; not mhde. ) ) ) mhde,) ouvde. mh. ) ) ) ouvde,, 7¹⁶.

(xiv.) o;pisqen as prep. 1¹⁰ 4⁶, as adv. 5¹.

(xv.) ovpi,sw as prep. 12¹⁵ 13³, and also in 1¹⁰ (aC) 10¹⁰ in aC 025.

(xvi.) o[pou, 2^{13 (bis)} 11⁸ 20¹⁰. In the latter two passages there is the combination o[pou kai,) In sources used by our author there is a Hebraism in connection with this word: o[pou ) ) ) evkei/, 12^6.14: o[pou ) ) ) evpV auvtw/n, 17⁹; but this Hebraism never appears to come from his own hand. In 14⁴ we have o[pou a;n u`pa,gei (AC: corrected into u`pa,gh| in a 025. 046). This use of a;n here is to be rejected, according to Blass, Gr. 207, 217; Robertson, Gr. 969. See, however, under o[tan: also Vocabulary of G.T. (Moulton and Milligan) under a;n.

(xvii.) o`sa,kij. 11⁶ (source).

(xviii.) o[tan. This particle takes the aor. subj. 9⁵ 11⁷ 12⁴ 17¹⁰ 20⁷, or the pres. subj. 10⁷ 18⁹,⁽⁴⁾ or the fut. ind. 4⁹, or evne the aor. ind. 8¹. In the last passage the use of o[tan in o[tan h;noixen (corrected into o;te in a 025) is quite incorrect according to Blass (Gr. 218). Yet it is found in the koinh,: cf. Mark 11¹⁹ o;tan ovye. evge,neto evxeporeu,teo e;xw t) po,lewj: Ex 16³: cf. w`j a;n in Gen (Tischendorf's ed.) 27<sup>30</sup> w`j a'n evxh/lqen VIakw,b, of a single definite action in the past. o[tan, however, with the indic. generally denotes indefinite frequency (an unclassical usage): cf. Mark 3¹¹ {cxxxvii}11²⁵: similarly o[pou a;n, Mark 6⁵⁶. On o[tan with fut. ind. see Robertson, Gr. 972.

(xix.) o[te occurs 13 times and always with the aor. ind. In J 21 times (4 with fut. ind.).

(xx.) o[ti) 63 times. (a) Abbott, Gr. 154 sq., points out that the suspensive use of o[ti "is almost confined to the Johannine writings and the Apocalypse." Here o[ti = "because," and he cites as examples outside these writings Gal 4⁶, 1 Cor 12^15.16, Rom 9⁷. In J 1⁵⁰ (o[ti ei=po,n soi ) ) ) pisteu,eij) 14¹⁹ 15¹⁹ 16⁶ 20²⁹. In like manner in our author we must render 3¹⁰ "Because (o[ti) thou hast kept the word of my endurance I also will keep thee," 3^16.17 18⁷.⁽⁴⁾

(b) Besides the suspensive use of o[ti, where the o[ti clause precedes, the word most frequently introduces a subsequent clause giving a ground or reason, and so it is to be rendered "because" or "for." Cf. 3⁴ 4¹¹ 5^4.9 6¹⁷ etc. etc.

(c) Next it means "that" after ei=don( oi=da( gignw,skw( e;cw kata, tinoj or o;mnumi, 2^2.4.20.23 3^1.8.9.15 10⁶ etc.

(d) Finally, it is used before direct discourse (i.e. o[ti "recitative"), 3¹⁷ 18¹⁷.

(xxii.) ouv) We find ouv ) ) ) ouvde,, 7¹⁶ 9²⁰ 12⁸ 20⁴ 21²³: ouv ) ) ) ou;te, 9²¹: ouvdei.j ) ) ) ouvde. ouvde. ) ) ) ouvte,, 5³: ouvdei.j ) ) ) ou;te, 5⁴.

(xxiii.) ouv mh,) 15 times. Always followed by subj. in our author except in 18¹⁴ (source), which may be an interpolation in this source, seeing that elsewhere in this source it is followed by the subj. See vol. i. 59 ad med. In J 3 times with ind. out of 17.

(xxiv.) ouvai,) This interjection is followed by the dat. in our author in 8¹³. In 12¹² (a source) by the acc. In 18^10.16.19 (a source) by the nom. It is a noun in 9^{12 (bis)} 11^{14 (bis)}.

(xxv.) ouvke,ti) 10⁶: in 18^11.14 with neg. (source). 12 times in J.

(xxvi.) ou=n) (a) Used of logical appeal 6 times, 1¹⁹ 2^5.16 etc.

(b) Narrative or continuative ou=n does not occur once, and only a few times in the Synoptic Gospels. In J ou=n occurs nearly 200 times, and the majority of these apparently in a non-illative or purely continuative or narrative sense. Only 8 times does it occur in the words of Jesus: all the rest in the narrative portions. But Abbott (Gr. 470 sqq.) finds difficulties in many of the Johannine uses of ou=n. He pertinently remarks (p. 479 footnote): "the {cxxxviii} absence of narrative ou=n in Revelation is important because . . . it is largely made up of narrative, so that we might have expected narrative ou=n in abundance if it had been written by the hand that wrote the Fourth Gospel." The word occurs only once in 1. 2. 3 J.

(xxviii.) ou;te) We find ou;te ) ) ) ou;te, 3¹⁵.16 9²⁰ 21⁴: ouvdei.j ) ) ) ou;te, 5⁴.

(xxix.) plh,n = "only," 2²⁵: cf. Phil. 3¹⁶ for this meaning. Blass (Gr. 268) would assign this meaning to plh,n also in 1 Cor. 11¹¹, Eph 5³³, Phil 4¹⁴.

(xxx.) w-de = (a) "hither," 4¹ 11¹²; (b) metaporically (= "here is need for"), 13^10.18 14¹² 17⁹.

(xxxi.) w`j) (a) On this important particle, see vol. i. 35 sq., where it is shown that it has in our author several uses unknown elsewhere in the N.T. but found in the LXX. One use is there omitted.

(b) In a comparison the same case follows w`j as that which precedes it. This, of course, is the usual construction. Cf. 2<sup>18</sup> t) ovfqalmou.j auvtou/ w`j flo,ga puro,j, 9^8.9 12¹⁵ 13³ 18²¹ 21² 22¹. Hence 16¹³ ei=don ) ) ) pneu,mata tri,a ) ) ) w`j // ba,tracoi // is either a slip or due to an interpolator. It is due to the latter, as we see on other grounds.

(c) Observe that our author never uses kaqw,j though it occurs nearly 180 times in the N.T. In J it occurs 31 times and 13 in 1. 2. 3 J. J uses w`j in a temporal sense (= "when") about 20 times, but J<sup>ap</sup>, 1. 2. 3 J never. Our author uses w`j as a word of comparison about 73 times (only once with a numeral), J 13 times (8 times with a numeral).

(d) In 22¹² w`j = "according as," followed by substantive verb -- a usage not found elsewhere in the Johannine writings.

NOTES
1. Thus eva,n substituted for a;n 3 times (3¹⁹ and 11⁶ 13¹⁵ sources) out of 4. Moulton (Gr. 43) states that in pre-Christian papyri the proportion of eva,n to a;n was 13 to 29, but in the 1st cent. A.D. this proportion was 25 to 7, in 2nd A.D. 76 to 9, in 3rd A.D. 9 to 3, in 4th A.D. 4 to 8. eva,n occurs last for a;n in a 6th cent. papyrus. It will be seen, therefore, that the proportion in our author, 3 to 1, agrees nearly with that in the papyri of the 1st cent. A.D., 25 to 7. 
     It is significant of the character of a that it, changes eva,n into a;n in 3¹⁹ 13¹⁵ and thus represents our author as using eva,n only 1 out of 4 times. C changes it in 11⁶. Notwithstanding the untrustworthy character of 025. 046, they are here more trustworthy than a in this respect.
     But Thackeray (Gr. 67), with a large body of papyri at his disposal, gives the statistics as follows. In pre-Christian papyri o]j eva,n, 16, o[j a;n, 78: in i/A.D. 39 and 5 respectively; in ii/A.D. 79 and 13; in iii/A.D. 13 and 5; in iv/A.D. 12 and 7. These amended numbers show more clearly how the scribe of a introduced later forms into his text.
2. ei; tij is only found once in the Johannine writings outside the Apocalypse -- 2 J¹⁰ ei; tij e;rcetai. Here the case is put as an actual occurrence, and the coming as a real event. Hence this form does not militate against Johannine authorship. 
3. In commentary I have followed Blass in taking i[na in 14¹³ as almost equal to o[ti "in that." But here also it may express purpose. Thus maka,rioi oi` nekroi. oi` evn Kuri,w| avpoqnh,skontej ) ) ) i;na avnapah,sontai = "Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord: yea, saith the Spirit, in order to rest," etc. Cf. 22¹⁴ and J 8⁵⁶ 9²ti,j h[marten ) ) ) i[na tuflo.j gennhqh/|; 11¹⁵, and see Abbott, Gr. 114-128, who insists that i[na expresses purpose in J.
4. On the ground of this and a few other similarities of style Abbott (Gr. 155) suggests that "the author of the Gospel may have been a disciple or younger coadjutor of the author of the Apocalypse."
 
 

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