§ 1. Noun, adjective, and verb forms, p. cxvii. § 2. The article, p. cxix. § 3. Pronouns, p. cxxi. § 4. The verb, p. cxxiii. § 5. Prepositions, p. cxxvii. § 6. Conjunctions and other particles, p. cxxxiv. § 7. Case, p. cxxxviii. § 8. Number, p. cxli. § 9. Gender, p. cxlii.  § 10. The Hebraic Style of the Apocalypse, p. cxlii.

i. Greek needs to be translated into Hebrew in order to discover its meaning, p. cxliv. 

(a) Resolution of participle into finite verb, p. cxliv. (b) Resolution of infinitive into finite verb, p. cxlvi. (c) Hebrew constructions possible and unintelligible in Greek, p. cxlvi. (d. e. f.) Further Hebraisms. (g) Secondary meanings of Hebrew words attributed to Greek words where these words agree in their primary meaning, p. cxlvii. (h. i.) Other Hebrew idioms literally reproduced, p. cxlviii.

ii. Other commonplace Hebraisms, p. cxlviii.  iii. Hebrew constructions with occasional parallels in vernacular Greek, p. cxlix.  iv. Certain passages needing to be retranslated in order to discover the corruption or mistranslation in the Hebrew sources used by our author, p. cl.

(i.) Nouns. -- Words ending in -ra form their gen. and dat. in -rhj( rh|( as macai,rhj, 13¹⁴.⁽¹⁾macai,rh| 13^10(bis). On the various theories as to the origin of this late change, see Thackeray, Gr. 141, where also he states that in the LXX out of 79 examples of ma,caira in the gen. and dat. the h forms are certainly original in only 2. -rhj forms become practically universal under the Early Roman Empire.

(ii.) Adjectives. -- crusa/n, AaC (for crush/n), 1¹³, is formed on the analogy of avrgura/n. The contracted form crusou/j occurs always (15 times) in our author, elsewhere in the N.T. 3 times. The best uncials are only at variance in 2¹. On the other hand, baqe,a (ba,qh, a 025), 2²⁴, is original.

(iii.) Verbs -- (a) Irregular or unusual forms. -- Present. du,nh, 2² (only once so in LXX) for du,nasai, presupposes du,nomai (see Thackeray, Gr. 218). It is found in the poets and in prose writers from Polybius onward.  avfei/j, 2²⁰, and avfi,ousin, 11⁹, presuppose avfi,w (which is found in Eccles. 2¹⁸) and not avfi,hmi. Schmiedel suggests a present avfe,w (Thackeray, 251). didw/, 3⁹, and avpodidou/n, 22², presuppose dido,w, but dido,asin, 17¹³, di,dwmi. In like manner avpodidou/n, 9¹¹ (so also Jer. 23¹ BA, Sir 20²²), presupposes avpollu,w as deiknu,ontoj does deiknu,w (cf. Ex. 25⁸; Thackeray, 245). All these instances but the first show the transition from forms in -mi to -w forms.

(b) Imperfect and Aorists with a instead of e forms, or ending in -a or -an. -- ei=can, 9^8.9 (aA). avph/lqa,⁽²⁾ 10⁹ (A: -qon, aC 025. 046). avph/lqan, 21¹ (Aa: -qon, 046. -qen, 025): avph/lqan, 21⁴ (A: -qen, a 046). avfh/kaj, 2⁴ (Aa^c.c. 025. 046: -kej, a*C). ei=da, 17⁶ (Aa (i=da): ei=don, 025): (e)i=da, 17³ (A: ei=don, a 025). pe,sate, 6¹⁶ (A 205): evxe,lqate, 18⁴ (Aa). See Thackeray, Gr. 211-212.

(c) Perfects with termination -ej (2nd sing.) for -aj, kekopi,akej) -- (a) 2⁸ (AC); pe,ptwkej, 2⁵ (a. -kaj, AC 046). It is rare in the LXX (Thackeray, Gr. 215) and in the papyri. See Robertson, Gr. 337. I have generally with A adopted the -aj form. (b) Perfects ending in -an // pe,ptwkan // 18³ (AC. peptw,kasin, a 046: pe,pwkan 025: pepw,kasin 110, 175^al. Rd. pepo,tiken): ei;rhkan, 19³ (Aa 025): [ge,gonan 21⁶ Aa^c: ge,gona, a 025. 046]. This termination is found in Asia Minor as early as 246 B.C. and in Egypt in 162 B.C. It is found in Cretan inscriptions, and Robertson traces its origin to Crete (Gr. 336).
     In 8² we have e`sth,kasin) But it occurs in an interpolation. {cxix}Hence our author did not apparently use the perfect ending in -asi)

(d) Various Aorist forms. -- avna,ba, 4¹, avna,bate, 11¹²: evrre,qh, 6¹¹ 9⁴: sth,rison, 3² (AC 025): pei/n, 16⁶. According to Thackeray (Gr. 64), pei/n (or pi/n) occurs 21 times, while piei/n occurs 97 times in the LXX (aAB).

(e) Pluperfect form. -- 7¹¹i`sth,keisan instead of ei`sth,kesan. This -eisan is found regularly in the LXX (Thackeray, Gr. 216). As regards the beginning of the word, its usual form in the LXX is i`sth,kein (Thackeray, Gr. 201).

(f) Augment. -- 3² e;mellon (AaC 025): 10⁴h;mellon (AC 046). Our author uses evdu,nato, 7⁹ (AaC 046), 14³ (AaC), 15⁸ (AC: hvdun) a 025. 046). Hence it should be read in 5³ with a against A 025. 046. In avnoi,gnumi our author augmetns the preposition in h;noixen, 6³, hvnoi,gh, 11¹⁹ 15⁵, hvnoi,cqhsan, 20^12(bis), and trebly augments the participle in hvnew|gme,noj, which should perhaps be read in 3⁸ with a 025 against avnew|gme,noj (AC 046), seeing that only 046 supports avnew|gme,noj in 4¹ 10^2.8 19¹¹ against the other chief uncials.

(i.) The article introduces conceptions assumed to be familiar in apocalyptic though mentioned in the text for the first time: 10¹ h` i=rij, 10<sup>3</sup> ai` e`pta. brontai,: cf. also 11³ 12¹⁴ 16¹². With great aptness the art. is used in to.n po,lemon, 16¹⁴, eivj to.n po,lemon, 19¹⁹, because the war here is the great Messianic war at the world's close. On the other hand, compare the phrase eivj po,lemon, 9^7.9.

(ii.) The generic art. (Blass, Gr. 147) is regularly found with h[lioj (except in 7² 16¹² 22⁵), gh/( qa,lassa( ouvrano,j)

(iii.) In the case of ordinal numbers, when the ordinal precedes the noun it is preceded by the art.: when the ordinal follows the noun, the art. is repeated: cf. 4⁷ 6³ 13¹² 20⁶ 21⁸.

(iv.) The art. can appear with the predicate when the subject and predicate are convertible or identical.⁽³⁾ Cf. 1^17.20 2²³ 3¹⁷ 17¹⁸ 18²³ [19⁸] 21^6.8 22^13.16. After ou-toj the pred. has the art. on this principle; cf. 7¹⁴ 11^4.10 14⁴ 19⁹ 20^5.[14].

(v.) (a) When an adjective or participle follows its noun, the art. is repeated if the noun has the art. When the adjective stands between teh art. and the  noun, the emphasis lies on the adjective; when it follows with the repeated art., both noun and adjective are emphasized, 20⁹ th.n po,lin th.n hvgaphme,nhn, 21^2.10 th.n po,lin th.n a`gi,an -- the City par excellence and the Holy City in contrast to the earthly Jerusalem spiritually called Sodom and {cxx} Egypt, 11<sup>8</sup>: cf. 8<sup>6</sup> oi` ) ) ) a;ggeloi oi` e;contej, 17<sup>18</sup> h` po,lij h` mega,lh.

(b) The same rule holds good in the case of prepositional phrases coming after an articular noun:⁽⁴⁾ 1⁴ tai/j e`pta. evkklhsi,aij tai/j evn th/| VAsi,a: 2<sup>24</sup>: 5<sup>5</sup> o` le,wn o` evk t) fulh/j: 11<sup>16</sup> 11<sup>19</sup> 14<sup>17</sup> 16<sup>3.12</sup> 19<sup>14.21</sup> 20<sup>8.13</sup>. Hence in the titles of the Letters to the Churches we should always read tw/| avgge,lw| th/j evn ) ) ) evkklhsi,aj. A is right here three times and C once. See also Order of Words, p. clvi sq.
     Again in 155 the text o` nao.j t) skhnh/j t) marturi,ou evn tw/| ouvranw/|, which is impossible in other respects, wrongly omits the art. before evn tw/| ouvranw/|. In our author prepositional phrases and genitives never intervene between the art. and its noun, but follow the noun, the former always preceded by the repeated art.⁽⁴⁾

(a) Hence in 11¹⁶ the art. must with a^cC 025. 046 (against a*A which om.) be read before ei;kosi te,ssarej. Hence, further, it follows that 22¹⁷ u[dwr zwh/j dwrea,n must be transposed before 21⁶ tou/ u[datoj th/j zwh/j dwrea,n. The need for the rearrangement of 20⁴-22 has been shown at length in vol. ii. 144-154.

(b) In 17³, however, we find gunai/ka kaqhme,hn evpi. qhri,on although the qhri,on has been frequently mentioned previously. Similarly in 14¹ the art. is omitted before e[katon tessera,konta te,ssarej cilia,dej although they have already been described in 7^4-8. This omission is due in the former case to our author's use of a source, and in the latter to his incorporation of an independent vision of his own. If he had had an opportunity of revision, we must assume from his careful use of the art. elsewhere that he would have inserted the art. in both cases.

(b) The art. is frequently omitted in prepositional phrases. a;cri qana,tou, 2¹⁰ 12¹¹ 13³: evn qana,tw|, 2²³: evn puri. kai. qei,w|, 14¹⁰: eivj fulakh,n, 2¹⁰: cf. also 2²² 13¹⁰. 

(c) The art. is omitted before proper names. VIhsou/j and VIwa,nnhj are always anarthrous. We have o` Cristo,j when used alone, 11<sup>15</sup> 12<sup>10</sup> 20<sup>4.6</sup>, but anarthrous in VIhsou/j C)( 1<sup>1.2.5</sup>. In tw/| Bala,k, 2<sup>14</sup>, the art. is inserted because the name is indeclinable. In 16<sup>12</sup> the art. before Euvfra,thn may point to the earlier mention of this river in 9<sup>14</sup>. The text in 2<sup>6.15</sup> presents a difficulty. Nikolai?tw/n is first with the art. and then without it. The noun in 2<sup>6</sup> may be treated as a description of a certain class, and then treated as a proper name in 2<sup>15</sup>. In the predicate the art. is found before proper names: cf. 6<sup>8</sup> [8<sup>11</sup>] 12<sup>9</sup> 19<sup>13</sup> 20<sup>2</sup>. qeo,j always has the art. except in 7<sup>2</sup> and in 21<sup>7</sup> where it is in the pred. Ku,rioj, when alone, has the art., cf. 11<sup>4.8.15</sup>, but we find evn kuri,w|, 14<sup>13</sup>, and ku,rioj kuri,wn, 17<sup>14</sup> 19<sup>16</sup>. When combined with other names, o` ku,rioj o` qeo,j, 21<sup>22</sup> 22<sup>6</sup>, o` ku,rioj VIhsou/j, 22²¹, but also ku,rioj o` qeo,j [1<sup>8</sup>] 4<sup>8</sup> 19<sup>6</sup> 22<sup>5</sup>. In the vocative we find ku,rie, 15<sup>4</sup>, ku,rie o` qeo,j, 11¹⁷ 15³ 16⁷, or the Semit. voc. o` ku,rioj o` qeo,j, 4¹¹.

(ix.) When a noun or participle preceded by the article follows a noun (in the gen. dat. or acc.), and should therefore be in the gen. dat. or acc., it may in our author, according to Hebrew usage, stand in the nom.: cf. 1⁵ avpo. VIhsou/ Cristou/( o` ma,rtuj o` pisto,j, 2²⁰ th.n gunai/ka VIeza,bel( h` le,gousa. On this Hebraism see below, p. cxlix sq.

(i.) Possessive. -- On vernacular and ordinary possessives see notes on 2^2.19 and footnote in vol. ii. 208, where it is shown that though sou may precede or follow its noun, the genitives of auvto,j can only follow. The genitive is found before its noun in the best authorities (A vg s^1.2), in 21³ auvtw/n qeo,j; but the text is manifestly corrupt, and the wrong order may be due to the editor of 20⁴-22. It is also found in 18⁵, but this is a source. See Abbott, Gr. 414 sqq., 601 sqq. evmo,j only once in 2²⁰.⁽⁶⁾

{cxxii} (ii.) Personal. -- (a) auvto,j is used as an emphatic personal pronoun,⁽⁷⁾ cf. 3²⁰ 14¹⁰ 19^15(bis) 21⁷. It is used intensively (= "self") in [14¹⁷] 17¹¹ (source) 19¹². The phrase kai. auvto,j, "he also," "himself also" (in J 7¹⁰), seems not to belong to our author except in the phrase w`j kai. auvth,, 18<sup>6</sup> (a source): cf. w`j kavgw,, 2²⁷ 3²¹. It occurs, however, in a Greek source, 17¹¹, and in an interpolation, 14¹⁷. In 14¹⁰ the kai, before auvto,j is a Hebraism and not to be translated. kai. auvto,j in 3²⁰ 19^15(bis) 21⁷ = "and he." auvto,j has lost this meaning in modern Greek and becomes a demonstrative.

(b) e`autou/ is found twice between the art. and its noun in 10<sup>3.7</sup>. Here the intervening e`autou/ is very emphatic. See Abbott, Gr. 415.

(iv.) Indefinite. -- ei-j = "a": cf. 8¹³ e`no.j avetou/, 9¹³ fwnh.n mi,an, 19¹⁷ e[na a;ggelon. Not in J. Both authors,  however, use ei-j evk; while J uses ei-j tij evk, 11⁴⁹, once in this sense, or simply tij with a noun, 4⁴⁶ 5⁵, or with a proper name, 11¹ 12²⁰. tij is found only in ei; tij( eva,n tij in our author, save in 7¹ (?).

(v.) Relative. -- (a) o[stij is mostly used of a class of persons or things, 1⁷ 2²⁴ 9⁴ etc.; but it is also used of an individual, 11⁸ 12¹³ 19²: cf. 1¹². Similarly in J. I have followed the advice given in Abbott's Gr. (218, footnote) and rendered o[stij generally by "that," which "introduces a statement essential to the complete meaning of the antecedent," and o[j by "who" or "which" -- words which carry no such meaning.

(b) This relative is never attracted to the case of its antecedent⁽⁸⁾ in our author, though this attraction is frequent in J and in 1 J 3²⁴.

NOTES
1. It is noteworthy that in 13¹⁰ a 025. 046 twice change macai,rh| into macai,ra| against AC, and that 025. 046 makes a corresponding change in 13¹⁴, against aAC.
2. Cf. kate,funa, Ps. 142⁹ (RTa^c.a). See Thackeray, Gr. 211.
3. In 1²⁰ the second evpta, is an interpolation and the ai` evpta, belongs to the predicate. See vol. ii. 389, footnote.
4. th.n blasfhmia,n evk tw/n lego,ntwn in 2⁹ is difficult. a s^1.2 read th.n evk, while 025 and several cursives om. evk. Either of these readings removes the difficulty. But evk t) lego,ntwn is here to be taken partitively. Hence: "the blasphemy of certain of those who say," etc. Thus the art. could not be repeated before evk tw/n lego,ntwn. This is better than the explanation given in my notes in vol. i. 56. See, however, under § 5. vi. (a) on evk.
5. In 20¹¹ ou- avpo. tou/ prosw,pou should, according to our author's usage, be ou- avpo. prosw,pou auvtou/ or ou- avpo. prosw,pou. This anomaly seems due, like others in 20⁴-22, to the disciple of the Seer who edited these chapters after the Seer's death.
6. J has it 39 times. In J we find also (h`me,teroj only in 1 J 1<sup>3</sup> 2<sup>2</sup>) so,j, u`me,teroj( i;dioj (15 times), not one of which occurs in our author. Seeing that evmo,j and kindred possessive adjectives had all but ousted mou in Asia Minor, Moulton (Gr. 40 sq.) infers that our author must have been a recent immigrant there. If this is right, J must have been settled there for some time. The possessive evmo,j and so,j are disappearing in the papyri, and in modern Greek no possessive adjective exists. See Robertson, Gr. 684.
7. J also uses auvto,j in this sense, but it is unemphatic. When he wishes to express emphasis he frequently uses evkei/noj, which our author does not use in this sense. He only uses it twice as a demonstrative in two phrases expressing time. See Abbott, Gr. 283 sqq. J uses auvto,j together with the personal pronoun or proper name, 2²⁴ 3²⁸ 4^2.44, but not so our author.
8. It is once found in a source, i.e. 18⁶.
 
 

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